Full list of texts
Fifth Estate Collective
Searching for the Culprit
Introduction to “The Original Affluent Society”
“Without government life is nasty, brutish and short.”
—Thomas Hobbes
Every person gazing even casually at the sordid history of government realizes that the Hobbesian dictum is nonsense and, in fact, just the opposite is true: with government, humanity has thusly had its life defined.
Viewing the organized political state as the culprit in human affairs for the presence of universal misery is standard fare for the anarchist and libertarian tradition and as a theory is not without merit as far as it goes. Certainly, other attempts historically to locate the culprit in evil spirits, the Devil, human nature or even capitalism, are much more shortsighted as they fail to deliver an explanation of the daily mechanism through which people have been subjugated during the epoch of Civilization.
Sep 25, 2018 Read the whole text...
David Solnit
Seattle
much more than a few broken windows
On November 30, 1999, a citizen uprising shut down the World Trade Organization and took over downtown Seattle, transforming it into a festival of resistance. Tens of thousands of people joined the nonviolent direct action blockade which encircled the WTO conference site, keeping the most powerful and undemocratic institution on earth shut down from dawn till dusk, despite an army of federal, state and local police, using tear gas, pepper spray, rubber, plastic and wooden bullets, concussion grenades and armored tanks in an attempt to control the crowds. However, people continued to resist throughout the week despite the clampdown which included mass arrests of nearly 600 people and government suspension of any pretense of civil rights.
Nov 22, 2019 Read the whole text...
Rui Preti
Seattle Far-Right Shooter’s Trial Ends in Hung Jury
How can we get justice in an unjust system?
Following the recent dismissal of charges against a right-wing woman who shot an anarchist anti-fascist activist in 2017, the question of how anarchists should or should not interact with the state’s mis-named justice system has become more relevant than ever. The victim’s own anarchist stance on state-administered justice and possible alternatives to it have added needed complexity to a perennial issue.
Jan 5, 2020 Read the whole text...
Sylvie Kashdan
Seattle’s Left Bank Books
An anchor for the anarchist community
Good news! Seattle’s Left Bank Books is republishing Letters of Insurgents, Fredy Perlman’s historical novel about love and revolution in the East bloc and Western states of the mid-20th century.
The book was written in the mid-1970s and first published by Black & Red and printed at the Detroit Printing Co-op, both projects initiated by Fredy and Lorraine Perlman. The B&R Co-op began in 1970, three years before Left Bank Books (LBB) was established.
Sep 1, 2014 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Second Edition of Ron Sakolsky’s Creating Anarchy Published
Ardent Press in Berkeley, California is publishing a second edition of Ron Sakolsky’s Creating Anarchy. Originally issued in 2005 by the Fifth Estate as a one-off publication, the book is a dynamic collage of ideas, images, and action--ranging widely from May Day to utopia, from refusal to autonomy, and from insurrection to imagination.
Oct 2, 2013 Read the whole text...
Gavin Grindon
Second-Wave Situationism
Last year saw, at least here in London, a plethora of commemorative events to mark the 40-year anniversary of the events of 1968, with pundits and talking heads emerging from everywhere to offer their accounts and experiences of that year, in which a multitude of movements remade and reclaimed the terrain of everyday life in a variety of ways from the jaws of capitalism.
May 11, 2014 Read the whole text...
Peter Lamborn Wilson
Secular Antinomian Anabaptist Neo-Luddism
What can anarchists and anarcho-primitivists learn from Old Order religious groups about living beyond technology?
“By banning the telephone from the home, Old Order Amish...try to maintain the primacy of communication within the context of community.”
--D.Z. Umble
“Church splits are bad, some things are worse, and one of them is to keep on compromising with something we know is sinful.”
--Anon., Separated Unto Christ (Old Order Mennonite tract, circa 1995)
Apr 26, 2015 Read the whole text...
Mycle
Seditious Children
We will meet at the midnight hour
past the tree stump forest.
We will be sneaky slinkies and walky-
talkies. Robin Hood’s woods would be so
proud. Merry boys and girls sing
carnivalesque ballads and awaken
the tree’s breeze--our back beat.
Tonight, we escape to sing songs with the animals
songs that none of us know the words to.
Oct 9, 2014 Read the whole text...
Clayton J. Pyke
Seeing is Obeying
Authoritarian Aesthetics & the Afterlife of Fascism in Neoliberal Democracy
Faces covered with white masks, carrying a banner reading “Reclaim America,” chanting re-worked Nazi slogans, and waving stylized U.S. flags, 150 members of the white nationalist Patriot Front marched through Washington D.C. in early February.
Apr 4, 2020 Read the whole text...
Cara Hoffman
Seeing Seattle
An Interview with Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore
Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore is an author and queer anti-assimilationist activist living in the Capitol Hill district of Seattle. She spoke with Fifth Estate on July 2, the day CHOP, the district’s autonomous zone, was demolished by police. Sycamore’s latest novel The Freezer Door is in part about the stranglehold the suburban imagination has on city life; a meditation on the trauma and possibility of searching for connection in a world that enforces bland norms of gender, sexual, and social conformity.
Sep 24, 2020 Read the whole text...
Hubert Gendron-Blais
Seeing social struggles through individual characters
historical research, well-crafted dramatic intensity and moments of poetry and humour
a review of
3 online plays by Norman Nawrocki, 2020–2022: “EVICTION? Dog’s Blood!!;” “Ukrainians, Pelicans & the Secret of Patterson Lake,” and “Run Nawrocki Run! Escape from Banff Prison”
Norman Nawrocki is a veteran artiste and activist in the Montreal anarchist and radical communities. He has produced more than 20 theater plays, 14 books, and over 30 music albums as a solo artist or with many bands and collectives since the 1980s such as Rhythm Activism, Bakunin’s Bum, Anarchist Writers Bloc, and DaZoque.
May 16, 2022 Read the whole text...
MaxZine Weinstein
Segregation Rising
...and the Strategy to Leave Children Behind
While attending a meeting in Gainesville, Georgia to learn about the horrific effects of environmental racism, the conversation quickly turned to education. For decades African Americans have been fighting pollution and coping with obscene leukemia rates in their community in this city of 25,000 residents. That day, they vented about the local public school system and the intensification of segregation in schools. They know segregation is a device designed to limit their community’s access to the tools and services needed to have a decent life.
Jun 9, 2016 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Selected books from Factory School
Vision Quest Guidebook
“The New Freedom”: Corporate Capitalism by Fredy Perlman
The Big Melt, President of the United Hearts
We Know You Are Watching by Surveillance Camera Players
The Modern School of Stelton: A Sketch by Joseph J. Cohen and Alexis C. Ferm
Facing Reality, Correspondence Publishing Committee
Mar 7, 2015 Read the whole text...
Various Authors
Selecting a Master or Ousting a Tyrant
Radical reflections for the selection year
Here in the heart of imperial North America, it’s (s)election year, and whether we like it or not, public discourse over the next several months will be dominated by campaign shenanigans.
Finding the proper revolutionary response to this spectacle spawns the usual frustration and debate. While a few antiauthoritarians have joined the “Anybody but Bush” chorus rampant on the liberal-left, others have dusted off their quadrennial rants against the inherently corrupt capitalist system and its permanent war machine, claim to moral supremacy, and facade of representative democracy.
Dec 18, 2016 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Select Radical Pedagogy Bibliography
Apple, Michael. 1993. Official Knowledge.
Apple, Michael. 1995. Education and Power.
Apple, Michael. 2001. Educating the “Right” Way.
Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed.
Gatto, John Taylor. 1992. Dumbing Us Down.
Goodman, Paul. 1956. Growing Up Absurd.
Goodman, Paul. 1962. Compulsory Mis-education and the Community of Scholars.
Jun 13, 2016 Read the whole text...
Pointblank
Self-management and the Spanish Revolution
On the morning of July 18, 1936 General Francisco Franco began the fascist rebellion against the Spanish Republican liberal bourgeois regime in Madrid. This move was immediately met by armed resistance of the urban proletariat who, after defeating the fascists in half of Spain began the revolutionary process of expropriating industry, while their counterparts among the peasantry collectivized agriculture.
Jan 23, 2016 Read the whole text...
F.T. Andrews
Selfridge: No more shit
Racism has been heavy at Selfridge Air Force Base, twenty miles north of Detroit, for quite a while. Especially in the last year, there have been numerous incidents, and a great deal of harassment and intimidation of black airmen and air women (WAFs).
Colonel Harold Lund, the commander at Selfridge, is completely ineffectual in dealing with the problem, although one is not sure whether it is through incompetence or design.
Jul 26, 2019 Read the whole text...
Liberation News Service
Senators Say No
SEATTLE (LNS)—Ernest Gruening, Former U.S. Senator from Alaska, has called on America’s youth to resist the draft and go to jail, according to a UPI report.
“I want to see thousands of young nen refuse to go—until they have so many of them they’ve filled all the jails,” Gruening told an anti-war rally here.
Sep 3, 2021 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Senators Uptight
Eighteen State Senators—16 Republicans and two Democrats—are demanding an investigation into “left-wing” student activities at all of Michigan’s State Supported universities.
While Sen. James Fleming (Rep.—Jackson), who is the principle sponsor of the resolution, has stated that SDS activities at the University of Michigan were what he was most concerned about, the investigation would also look into campus “morals.”
Jul 28, 2021 Read the whole text...
Friends of Jeffrey Free Luers
Sentence for Jeffrey “Free” Luers is Reversed
22-Year Sentence for Eco-Sabotage Overturned
A rare judicial victory was achieved in February as forest defense activist Jefrey “Free” Luers’ 23-year prison sentence for eco-sabotage was overturned by the Oregon Court of Appeals.
In 2001, then 23 year-old Jeff and his codefendant, Craig “Critter” Marshall, were convicted for torching three SUVs at a Eugene, Oregon car dealership. Their stated purpose was to raise awareness about global warming and the role SUVs play in that process.
Feb 13, 2015 Read the whole text...
Len Schafer
Serve the People Coalition News
“We have finally seen that we are brothers and sisters in spite of ideological differences. We finally sense that we hold much in common.”
—STP Coalition
Working together on this basis, 16 community based organizations got together May 19 to define the structure and direction of the SERVE THE PEOPLE Coalition.
Jan 11, 2024 Read the whole text...
War Resisters League
Serve Your Country: Don’t Go to Vietnam
War Resisters League ad
If your government is waging a criminal war do you serve the country best by cooperating?
Who served Germany best under Hitler? Those who obeyed orders and helped kill the Jews? Or the handful of Germans who chose prison and even death rather than cooperate?
Who upheld Russian honor in 1956? Those who obeyed orders, marched into Hungary, and shot down students and workers—or those troops who refused to fire?
Apr 3, 2017 Read the whole text...
Bill Rehahn
Sestina
Produced as a free poem by the Great Mohasky Press, Detroit, November 4, 1974
This here’s Detroit,
home of hungering
dreams, home of my empty pockets
and tired worn fingers.
The shadows cast are Babylon’s,
that made scorpion death of my mother.
So many have sacrificed a mother
to become orphans of Detroit
grown cold in the shades of Babylon
that leave us hungering
with no place for our fingers
Sep 18, 2013 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Set Our Brother Free Now
FT. LEWIS, Wash., Feb. 28 — 300 people rallied to the defense of Pvt. Bruce McLean, an American Servicemen’s Union (ASU) member who was shanghaied to Vietnam Feb. 19. The rally was held at American Park, just off Ft. Lewis.
Speakers at the rally were Denny Leonard and Stan Hoffman both members of the Ft. Lewis local of the ASU. They called for the military to immediately return Pvt. McLean from Vietnam, where he was taken illegally. The rally was organized by Seattle Liberation Front and ASU Shelter-Half.
Jan 19, 2024 Read the whole text...
Peter Lamborn Wilson
Seven Subversive instasonnets
Captain Nemo the SciFi Stirnerite
lurks beneath our waves of text like
a semantic barracuda. If God
won’t be dead till we kill grammar
as Nietzsche said then Chomsky must be
at least the Pope (Papa not dada)--
scarcely the “brainless luddism” to which
we all aspire. Scorpions ate our
May 15, 2014 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Seveso Update
Aftermath of deadly Italian chemical release
A year-ago this month (July 10, 1976 to be exact), an explosion at the Icmesa chemical plant in Seveso, Italy garnered worldwide attention as the release of 4.4 pounds of deadly tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, or TCDD, contaminated the town and forced the mass evacuation of its inhabitants. [See these related Fifth Estate articles.]
May 1, 2017 Read the whole text...
Jamie Heckert
Sex & Anarchy
Because real social change includes a sexual revolution
One of the things most appealing about the anarchist tradition is its scope and subtlety. Not only do anarchists have big ideas and great plans for transforming the large-scale cultural, economic, and political structures of our societies, we also address the everyday questions of how we live our lives.
Sep 12, 2013 Read the whole text...
Marie Mason
Sex & Revolution
my flesh is rippling music dancing
as I move my hands my lips across your supple
body blending everything becomes bewildered unpretended
in these moments of ecstatic rhythm
reggae sweat your breath so still
lingering upon my lips
your body mine the last of the wine
spilled between us in a kiss
Sep 16, 2013 Read the whole text...
Marie Mason
Sex & Revolution
Reprinted from FE #332, Summer 1989
my flesh is rippling music dancing
as i move my hands my lips across your supple
body blending everything becomes bewildered unpretended
in these moments of ecstatic rhythm
reggae sweat your breath so sweet still
lingering upon my lips
your body mine the last of the wine
spilled between us in a kiss
Mar 17, 2014 Read the whole text...
Ratticus
Sex and Pain
If you are reading this right now, you are not making love. But you are presumably not assembling cars nor doing the dishes either. In this essay about sex you will not learn new techniques, ideas or perspectives. You might even get bored reading it, in which case I insist that you do something else immediately, as that is the whole point of what I am saying.
Jan 4, 2020 Read the whole text...
Unruhlee
Sex and Pleasure Activism
a review of
More Out Than In: Notes on Sex, Art, and Community, edited, by Rachel Kaplan and Keith Hennessy, Abundant Fuck Publications, San Francisco, 1995, 100 pp., $5
Get out your scissors for that standard Map of the Possible! There have been some bold scouting parties for a world of liberated desire the last few years, and some of the boldest have just put a book out on their discoveries.
May 8, 2018 Read the whole text...
anon.
Sex Cakra
Rainbow
Can you float through the universe of
your body and not lose your way?
Can you lie quietly
engulfed
in the slippery union
of male and female?
Warm wet dance of generation?
Endless ecstasies of couples?
Can you offer your stamen trembling in
the meadow for the electric penetration of pollen
Jun 22, 2024 Read the whole text...
Bob Stark
Sex, Drugs and other Cheap Hypes
“The problem with San Francisco groups is, I was expecting wonders and miracles and what I heard was a bunch of white blues bands that didn’t sound as funky as my little band in high school.”
—Frank Zappa
“Big Brother is a joke.”
—Mike Bloomfield
“That’s Jim Gurley. He’s the SADDEST guitar player in the whole world.”
—Hippie
Jun 21, 2017 Read the whole text...
Peter Werbe
Sex Economy
Toward a Self-governing Character Structure
Coming to grips with the totality of Wilhelm Reich’s anti-authoritarian social psychology is beyond the scope of any short article. [1] Instead, this will be a brief summation of his notion of Sex-economy, which, along with Work-democracy constitute two of his major concepts.
To present Reich in such a manner means by necessity that many apparent inconsistencies in his work must be neglected. [2] To call oneself a Reichian (or a Marxist) means you raise insightful thought to the level of an ideology--a doctrine to be defended in all of its peculiarities.
Nov 18, 2014 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sex in China
The five cartoon panels printed on this page are taken from “Red Guard Romance” (written and drawn by Jay Kinney) and appeared in Young Lust No. 5. Most of us read the comic and thought it funny, if not somewhat preposterous. However, proving again that being more radical than reality itself is always a difficult proposition, we ran across the accompanying article by Ross H. Munro in the Oct. 12, 1977 Toronto Globe and Mail.
Mar 24, 2018 Read the whole text...
Citizen Cane
Sex, Lies, & Tourism
Is Cuba really prostituting her teenagers, or is this another cynical manipulation by the Bush Administration?
Let me say right off that the subject of Cuba is extremely polarizing. This makes it difficult to have a discussion without the people involved, from the political left or right, simply going deaf and repeating familiar good-vs-evil litanies. After years of visiting and studying the island, I have found it to be anything but simple to figure out. On the contrary, like most places one gets to know well, it’s endlessly complex and nuanced. Hence, my rule of thumb when checking out Cuba analysis is to look for this complexity. The moment I hear tripe peddled by self-deluded leftoids of Cuba-as-socialist-utopia—or the Miami Mafia’s more repugnant portrayal of it as a dirty third-world basket case—I start looking for the exit.
Aug 18, 2017 Read the whole text...
A. Smith (Andy “Sunfrog” Smith)
Sex, Sedition and the Fall of the Berlin Wall
Book review
a review of
Len Bracken, The East is Black. Sexpol Editions (Third Edition) 2000
Pornography is a literary form fraught with political implications often operating outside the text. The very question of what is pornography has been the pretext of many political trials. But, political and sexual implications aside, pornography is simply what it is: a literary (or artistic) form.
Apr 17, 2021 Read the whole text...
Allan Antliff
Mark Antliff
Sexual Anarchy
The Monument to Oscar Wilde
The Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris contains many tombs honoring artists and rebels, but the most striking of them all is the monument to the gay English playwright and anarchist Oscar Wilde. [1]
The story of Wilde’s trial for homosexuality and subsequent imprisonment in England is well-known. After his release from jail in 1897, he fled to the continent and settled in Paris. He died there in exile in 1900 and was quietly buried in Pere Lachaise.
Mar 22, 2021 Read the whole text...
Kristian Williams
Sexual Liberation and the Possibilities of Friendship
Foucauldian Proposals and Anarchist Elaborations
The philosopher and historian Michel Foucault was not known for offering practical advice. But in a series of interviews from 1981 and 1982 he focused on the major questions then facing the gay liberation movement.
His remarks from that time offer prescient guidance--and pose substantive challenges--for those concerned with sexual liberation today. Though he spoke from his position as a gay man and addressed his comments primarily to a gay audience,
May 15, 2014 Read the whole text...
Peter Werbe
Sexual Repression and Authoritarianism
Control of Bodies equals Control of Minds
The juxtaposing of anti-sexual statements on this page by the Vatican and certain leftist leaders and groups is not meant as an exercise in cynicism, but rather to illustrate in graphic terms the role sexual repression plays within all authoritarian systems.
The Church, for example, is easily identifiable as a repressive institution. Its power to regulate moral conduct grew as did the centrality of its wealth and authority within the feudal system of the Middle Ages.
Jul 21, 2014 Read the whole text...
Art Johnston
SF Panthers Attacked!
[two_third padding=“0 30px 0 0”]Special to the Fifth Estate
SAN FRANCISCO—With Thompson submachine-guns blazing, 160 armed cops moved in on the Fillmore District Monday afternoon, April 28, to quiet a Black Panther loudspeaker.
Sixteen persons were arrested in a bust which resulted from a police complaint that a Panther loudspeaker was insulting the pigs. A number of guns were seized (and have not been released), including two double barreled shotguns, a.45 automatic, a .22 caliber rifle, an M-14, and assorted ammo.
Jun 24, 2022 Read the whole text...
Dave Hanson
Shamanism, anarchy and the end of the world
After twenty years of teaching shamanic practices to small groups in several circles in Washington and California, I found the results to be mixed. In the groups in which I participated, there were many moving visionary experiences, but the flabby jargon of the human potential movement left important messages missed amid incessant psychobabble.
Aug 1, 2014 Read the whole text...
Dennis Raymond
Shame
Film review
When the heroine of Ingmar Bergman’s great movie “Persona” turned on a television set and saw the atrocities of the Vietnam war, we in the audience experienced something close to cultural shock—a medievalist had crossed the time barrier. One of the severest and most frequent criticisms of Bergman has been his renowned social indifference.
Feb 10, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Share
Back page stencil graphic
Stencil art is a fun and easy way to reclaim and beautify your neighborhood. Above is just one example—experiment with your own.
Directions:
1. photocopy and enlarge (bigger for better visibility)
2. glue to thin non-corrugated cardboard
3. cut out with exacto knife
4. spray paint (don’t hold the can too close)
Nov 23, 2017 Read the whole text...
Orin Langelle
Shawnee Timber Sale Stopped
Beginning on June 20th, a determined group of Earth First!ers (EF!), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and anarchists, maintained a blockade at the site of the Fairview timber sale area in southern Illinois’ Shawnee National Forest.
Aug 24, 2019 Read the whole text...
Jess Flarity
She Exists Only to Please
Sexbot Take-over
Love dolls. Robo-whores. Slutbots. Synthetic options. Whatever you call the life-sized Barbies made by California-based Abyss Creations and other companies around the world, these 70-lb, orifice-slotted mannequins have one primary purpose: to be the ever-obedient, surrogate sexual partners of their owners, which are almost always men.
Jun 29, 2021 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sheriff Harvey Exposed!
Ken Kelley, editor of the Ann Arbor Argus, fresh from a semi-victory over the forces of injustice, has scored another journalistic coup.
Kelley published the contents of the wallet of Washtenaw County’s fascist sheriff Doug Harvey in the latest issue of the Argus.
Kelley told the Fifth Estate that Harvey was drunk on his ass at a University of Michigan basketball game and staggered home leaving his wallet. It was retrieved by an unidentified but heroic citizen who brought it to the Argus office where its contents were photographed and then returned to the Sheriff.
Jul 6, 2023 Read the whole text...
Cookie Orlando
Shoplifting and the Politics of Instant Gratification
Are individual acts of transgression rebellion?
Lots of anarchists and other radicals shoplift on a regular basis. But the public discussion on the topic seems to oscillate between celebration and denunciation, with almost nothing in between.
On one side you’ve got CrimethInc and Yomango saying shoplifting is authentic resistance. As an anonymous author wrote in CrimethInc’s Days of War, Nights of Love, shoplifting is “the most effective protest” against the worst features of modern capitalism “because it is not merely theoretical--it is practical, it involves action.” Yomango is a European shoplifting community founded in Spain in 2002, whose name in Spanish translates to, “I steal.”
Aug 19, 2014 Read the whole text...
Jessamine O’Connor
Shopping List for My Newborn Girl
Botox
Vajazzles
Spray-tan
Collagen
Foundation
Blusher, Shadow
Liner; Stick-on lashes
Anti-perspirant; Perfume
Body spray, Deodorant; Facelift
Tummy tuck, Magic knickers;
Padded bra, Corset
Silicone implants;
Waxed legs
Shaved armpits
Plucked eyebrows
A Brazilian; Detox, Diet
Diet, Diet; Teeth whitening
Anal bleaching, Liposuction;
Colonic irrigation, Pedicure
Manicure; Laser hair removal;
Cosmetic gynecology
Jul 30, 2016 Read the whole text...
Various Authors
Short reviews
Walking on Water; Joybringer magazine; Baby Bloc; Girls Will Be Boys Will Be Girls
Walking on Water: Reading, Writing, and Revolution. Derrick Jensen. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2004.
reviewed by Leafy
Already known to us for his indictments of civilization and chilling memoirs, Derrick Jensen takes us inside his real-life anti-classroom and relates his teaching methods in a narrative, story-telling fashion that follows his first rule of writing: Never bore the reader. Throughout, he exposes school systems as training camps teaching us, as Arthur Evans expresses, “depersonalized learning, alienation from nature and sexuality, obedience to hierarchy, fear of authority, self-objectification, and chilling competitiveness.” Jensen challenges his students to start developing past these trainings.
Jun 12, 2016 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Shorts
The Air Force admitted in a recent hearing that at least three men with dangerous psychiatric problems had been assigned to guard a super-secret nuclear weapons installation at Hamilton Air Force Base, 25 miles south of San Francisco.
The instability of the guards came out it a preliminary hearing for one of them, Sgt. Robert V. Ballou. He is accused of going berserk with a loaded carbine on the base and holding a loaded gun at the head of another officer.
Jun 22, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Shorts
Sweet Music-Muzak—that background music featured in supermarkets, office buildings and factories is invading the People’s Republic of China. The Western regional director of the-Muzak Corporation, Bert Mitchell, has told Pacific News Service that a Muzak salesman has just returned from a very successful sales trip to the Chinese mainland. According to Mitchell—in his words—“He spent a whole month there, selling our systems. The Chinese were crazy about them.”
Oct 27, 2016 Read the whole text...
Various Authors
Shout Outs
...to and from Fifth Estate on its 40th birthday
Happy 40th!
Love & Solidarity
Prison Book Program
www.prisonbookprogram.org
Inhabit ecovillages.
Love Fifth Estate.
Also subscribe to: Green Horizon Quarterly
Visit: http://www.green-horizon.org
Write for information: Ecovillageremsn.com
Mar 16, 2014 Read the whole text...
Saint Just
Shutdown
Policing the Crisis in Pittsburgh and Boston
I have had the unfortunate privilege of experiencing two urban shutdowns in the U.S. In 2009, while living in a quickly gentrifying neighborhood adjacent to the University of Pittsburgh as a graduate student, I experienced a preemptive shutdown of a major city during the G-20 summit meeting of the finance ministers of the top world economies.
Nov 26, 2013 Read the whole text...
P.P. Dickey
Sign Here
At this time every year, aliens are required to register with the United States Government, who bring you Chevrolets, racism, Herb Alpert and the Tiajuana Brass and other fine products.
In spite of the fact that the government has kindly erected big, prominent buildings called post offices where aliens can register, each year many people who should notify the authorities of their alienation fail to do so.
Jul 10, 2023 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sincavitch Busted
Tom Sincavitch, who “quit” the army has again refused active duty at Ft. Riley, Kansas on March 27 and was returned to the stockade “pending referral of new charges.”
Tom was convicted of being absent without leave for his first “offense” and given a six month suspended sentence. He had taken sanctuary in St. Joseph’s Church and was arrested by 40 FBI agents on March 13.
Jun 14, 2022 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sincavitch Gets Army Deal
After messing around with Tom Sincavitch’s “Discharge for the good of the service” and finally turning it down, the Army has offered him a deal.
If Tom agrees to plead guilty to the charges of violating the orders of a sergeant and a captain they will drop the charge of violating an Army regulation, give him nine months confinement at Fort Leavenworth and then give him a Bad Conduct Discharge.
May 2, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sincavitch Set for Court Martial
Tom Sincavitch, the Detroit GI who took sanctuary in St. Joseph’s Church this Spring is facing another court-martial the last week in July.
Sincavitch is being held in the Ft. Riley, Kansas stockade for refusing to report for duty. He had been put on active duty following his refusal to attend his Army Reserve meetings in Detroit. He called the training he was receiving “racist.”
Apr 23, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sincavitch to be Tried
FLASH! Sincavitch has been convicted of being absent without leave and received a suspended sentence of six months confinement. He was ordered to report for active duty immediately, but Sincavitch has stated that he will refuse to do so.
Tom Sincavitch, who was arrested March 12 by some 40 FBI agents in his “sanctuary” of St. Joseph’s Episcopal Church, is confined in Fort Riley, Kansas.
May 7, 2022 Read the whole text...
Mike Tyre
Sinclair
Marijuana—a harmful and dangerous drug.
This is the title of a paper by Joseph E. Maher, Recorders Court Judge, which states the ruling of a three judge panel on the constitutionality of Michigan’s marijuana laws. The decision stems from a case brought to court by John Sinclair, head of Trans-Love Energies, to test the constitutionality of these laws.
Jan 5, 2018 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sinclair Appeal Brief Filed
The future of John Sinclair, imprisoned chairman of the Youth International Party, hinges on two things at this point. John is currently serving a 9-1/2 to 10 year sentence for possession of marijuana in Marquette Prison.
The first is the expression of support for the freeing of Sinclair, and all political prisoners and the demand to legalize marijuana. This has been manifested in such events as the Free John Sinclair Day held across the country Jan. 24 that raised thousands of dollars in legal fees and educated people about the repressive use of the archaic narcotics laws.
Nov 9, 2023 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sinclair Court Hassles
The police conspiracy out to put White Panther leader John Sinclair behind bars has suffered several important setbacks in the last few weeks.
First, sentencing of Sinclair was postponed until June 10 on his Oakland County conviction of assaulting a police officer after attorney William Segesta brought in new evidence and asked for a new trial.
Apr 4, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sinclair, from Prison
Dear Brothers & Sisters,
It was good to hear from you last week. My transfer to Marquette has been postponed at least a few weeks, but they are determined to send me there as soon as they can. A pig from the Corrections Dept. in Lansing came here to talk to me last Friday and told me how much I would like it up there and that they couldn’t possibly send me into the general prison population in Jackson because I would surely organize the prison men to revolt against the prison authorities, and they couldn’t take a chance on that. So I’ll be shipped up to Marquette Prison in the Upper Peninsula sometime next month. Then I’ll be able to have my typewriter and can get some work done.
Jun 18, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sinclair Going to Trial
Web archive note: This article is untitled in the print original.
In a lightning-fast surprise maneuver the Detroit courts have moved to bring John Sinclair to trial on his famous marijuana charge next Tuesday, June 3rd, in Recorder’s Court. This latest in a series of repressive police/court actions against Sinclair is also the most serious: the pigs have sworn to convict him on a charge the minimum sentence for which is 20 years in the state penitentiary, maximum: life.
Feb 10, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sinclair in Court
John Sinclair was arraigned in Federal District Court in Detroit Oct. 23, on charges that he conspired with two other White Panthers to place explosives at an Ann Arbor CIA office last year.
The others accused are Jack Forrest and Pun Plamondon, White Panther Minister of Defense, who still has not been apprehended at this writing. Pun is charged in a separate count of doing the &crust bombing that ripped apart the international pig office.
Jul 30, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Sinclair Moved
John Sinclair, Minister of Information for the White Panther Party, remains as political prisoner of the State of Michigan.
John has been moved to Marquette Prison in the Upper Peninsula after Department of Corrections officials began to worry that he might be a uniting force among the prisoners at Jackson to protest conditions there.
Jul 16, 2019 Read the whole text...
Julie Herrada
Singing about Revolution & One Big Union
reviewed in this article
The Big Red Songbook, Archie Green, David Roediger, Franklin Rosemont, Salvatore Salerno, editors; 2007; 538 pp.; $24; Charles H. Kerr Co., 1740 West Greenleaf, Chicago, IL 60626. Available from The Barn (see page 55).
In a 100th anniversary commemorative edition of the Industrial Workers of the World’s Little Red Songbook, the editors have compiled over 250 IWW songs along with their histories and anecdotes about them. Covering songs that appeared in the notorious and ubiquitous volumes, from the 1909 to the 1973 edition, each entry includes lyrics and a brief description.
Feb 22, 2015 Read the whole text...
Dave Hanson
Sing Your Song
Allowed freedom, we are enchanted beings. The enchantment begins with our human, personal song, which discovered, cracks open a window into the cosmos, enabling us to experience reality with fewer boundaries.
The song, first personally and then communally, is the primary tool that unlocks our apprehension of deeper reality, and allows us to act from that vision. This process is deeply connected, integrated and anarchistic.
Aug 15, 2019 Read the whole text...
Camy Matthay
S is for Shame
F Is for Fury, M is for Mothering
As a well-educated woman who had elected to be a stay-at-home mother, I was an enigma. I wasn’t into Jesus, ironing male garments, or particularly indolent. Yet my choice was perceived to reveal a flaw of character, a weakness. I was supposed to buck up and go back to work. But I just couldn’t do it. That made a lot of people uncomfortable, and most of my critics wore heels. I endured, from liberals and self-identified feminists, endless variations of the question “What is a bright woman like you doing at home?” They were platitudes, ironically, meant to compliment, but shocking insofar as they implied the judgment that mothering and child rearing were occupations reserved for stupid, unambitious women.
Jun 13, 2016 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Six C.O.s Jailed
The National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam has learned that at least four Negro G.I.s are in jail serving six months to ten years at hard labor for refusing to fight in Vietnam.
They are: Privates Johny L. Jackson, Harold Brown, Percy L. Green and David Clark.
NCCEWV has asked those who wish to write to do so at this address: U.S. Army Stockade, APO San Francisco, California 96243. Navy and Marine C.O.s who also refused to fight in Vietnam are Michael L. Yankess, Jack Gorman and Larry Bobbitt. Write Pearl Harbor Marine Barracks, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Feb 1, 2023 Read the whole text...
T. Fulano (David Watson)
Six Theses on Empire, Denial & Nuclearism
Nuclearism is inherently totalitarian. The apparent controversy over nuclear power is not really a matter for debate: it mirrors the underlying question of social power. Its history makes this clear.
First developed as a weapon of war under the veil of military secrecy, and then in coordinated efforts with enormous corporate interests, it was never publicly debated before the whole society was heavily committed to it. At its inception, public opposition would have brought charges of treason, and nuclear technology and materials are still considered a matter of strict state security.
Jun 9, 2020 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Six Ways To Help the Fifth Estate
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Subscribe. Subscribers are a publication’s life blood. If you bought this at a news stand, consider subscribing and buying one for a friend or a library.
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Donate. Postal and printing costs continue to rise making financial stability an increasing Challenge to publications which refuse commercial advertising. Donations also allow us to continue sending free subscriptions to prisoners and GIs.
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Distribute the FE. Sell or give away current or back issues. Get stores in your area to sell the magazine. Use them for tabling. Take them to events and demos. Most back issues available for the cost of postage. Write us at fe@fifthestate.org for info.
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Hold a fundraiser for the FE. A house party or an event not only provides revenue for the magazine, but gets people together that share similar ideas.
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Become an FE Sustainer. Sustainers pledge a certain amount each issue or yearly above the subscription fee to assure our continuing publishing, and receive each issue by First Class mail.
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Buy FE Books. Support our authors and independent publishers and revenue for the magazine.
Apr 7, 2014 Read the whole text...
Ian Blumberg-Enge
Skate or Die!
Rebels on a Board
The simple and obvious freedoms that first inspire the imagination of young kids, freedom of movement and freedom from the constraints of physical laws, are so simple as to hide a much deeper liberatory kernel.
From the blood sacrifice initiatory trials of learning to skate to the insular lingo, skateboarding is every bit the revolutionary community, in many ways like the revolutionary secret societies of Haiti. In contemplating a subject as broad as and as theoretical as global anarchism, it seems to be much more productive to explore areas of inspiration rather than explain proper applications. To this end, I’d like to explore the radical potential of one of my lifelong passions. Skateboarding.
Jul 6, 2023 Read the whole text...
Karen Knorp
Skin Flick at the Krim
“The Female,” current attraction at the Trans-Lux Krim in Highland Park, comes as close to being an obscene movie is anything I’ve seen.
The principal action is set in a Mexican whorehouse, and includes graphic scenes of two or more people in bed engaging in various acts of sadism, fellatio, foot fetishism, and plain old sexual intercourse. This is not, in my opinion, what makes “The Female” an obscene movie.
Jun 20, 2017 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Slave Center to be Closed
OAKLAND—Plans for a four-day siege of the Oakland Induction Center, October 16–21 were announced to day by spokesmen for National Stop the Draft Week Committee. Compulsory conscription was labeled “a criminal conspiracy against American youth that must be stopped.”
“We have picketed, protested, leafleted and argued against the draft and the racist war in Vietnam,” said Terence Cannon, member of the Stop the Draft Week Steering Committee. “There is only one way to keep young men from being shanghaied into the armed forces and that is to stop the draft from operating. We declare that we are opposed to the government’s policy and will do everything we can to bring it to a halt.
Mar 4, 2017 Read the whole text...
anon57
Slowly They Go
I expected click-click-click
of handcuffs binding wrists,
eyes red with pepper spray,
a haze of tear gas fogging streets,
black ‘copters rotoring the sky,
and cellphone vids of troubled days.
Too late I realized the cunning gist
of protests that shimmer on-screen.
Slowly they disappear from the net-
May 9, 2018 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Smack: not of us
Excerpt from The Fire Next Time
Up to 1949 the most important symbol in the ghetto was the knife, from then on it became the needle.
In 1956 the first wave of smack (heroin) hit the young black people of Harlem, an attack on the poor youth of the ghetto that served to “pacify” the oppressed people of the city. In New York over the last ten years smack has been used to break up gangs of poor whites, blacks, and Puerto Ricans.
Jun 22, 2019 Read the whole text...
Bob Fleck
Smack: the pig’s drug
It’s my wife
It’s my life
Cause the needle to my vein
Leads to a center in my head
And then I’m better off than dead
Cause when the smack begins to flow
I really don’t care any more
About all the Jim-Jims in this town
And all the politicians makin’ crazy sounds
And thank God that I’m not aware
Jul 9, 2019 Read the whole text...
Dennie Van Tassel
Smite Smut
A new law has been passed where you can have any mail stopped which you consider offensive: The law was passed to smite smut—always good for the idiot vote—but—the bill is so worded that you are the sole judge of what is offensive.
If you feel that your congressman’s newsletter, a religious appeal or the normal junk mail is offensive all you have to do is go to the post office and ask for P.O. form 123 and fill out the form giving your name and address and the name and address of the firm which you want to stop sending you advertisements. You do not have to give any reason or justification why you find the mail’ offensive.
Aug 20, 2015 Read the whole text...
Gary Snyder
Smokey the Bear Sutra
Once in the Jurassic, about 150 million years ago, the Great Sun Buddha in this corner of the Infinite Void gave a great Discourse to all the assembled elements and energies: to the standing beings, the walking beings, the flying beings, and the sitting beings—even grasses, to the number of thirteen billion, each one born from a seed, were assembled there: a Discourse concerning Enlightenment on the planet Earth.
Apr 4, 2019 Read the whole text...
Gary Snyder
Smokey the Bear Sutra
Once in the Jurassic, about 150 million years ago, the Great Sun Buddha in this corner of the Infinite Void gave a great Discourse to all the assembled elements and energies: to the standing beings, the walking beings, the flying beings, and the sitting beings—even grasses, to the number of thirteen billion, each one born from a seed, were assembled there: a Discourse concerning Enlightenment on the planet Earth.
Jan 3, 2019 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Gary Snyder
Smokey The Bear Sutra
Once in the Jurassic about 150 million years ago, the Great Sun Buddha in this corner of the Infinite Void gave a
discourse to all the assembled elements and energies: to the standing beings, the walking beings, the flying
beings, and the sitting beings-even the grasses, to the number of thirteen billion, each one born from a seed,
Jul 4, 2016 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
SNCC Bombed
The Detroit office of the Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC) was bombed on May 17. The office is located at 12322 Dexter.
Two SNCC members, Kinley Summers and Roy Swan were slightly injured by the blast and the flying glass. The police said they found the remains of what appeared to be a home-made bomb.
Mar 28, 2018 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
SNCC calls for aid to poor
The Detroit Friends of the Student Non-Veiolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) last week launched a local drive to help raise money to build shelters and to buy land in the deep South. The Poor Peoples Land Fund, headed by Ronald Bennett has already approached Detroit store-owners to ask for their support by serving as sponsors of the project.
Mar 13, 2023 Read the whole text...
Liberation News Service
SNCC Fires Stokely
NEW YORK, Aug. 22 (LNS)--Phil Hutchings, Executive Secretary of SNCC, announced that Stokely Carmichael, former National Chairman of the organization, had been formally expelled. “Brother Carmichael, both as a member and as chairman of SNCC made tremendous strides in the fight for black liberation in the past eight years, but it has been apparent now for some time that SNCC and Carmichael were moving in different directions,” Hutchings’ statement read.
Aug 21, 2015 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
SNCC Offices Raided in S.F.
SAN FRANCISCO — The Bay Area Regional Office of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was raided in the early hours last month by unknown parties. The office at 449 14th Street houses the SNCC office and the national office of THE MOVEMENT, the West Coast monthly newspaper affiliated with SNCC.
Oct 22, 2022 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
SNCC Photo Show
The first major photo exhibit featuring photos depicting the freedom struggle in Mississippi, Alabama and Southwest Georgia. Friday, January 14 is the last day this show will be in Detroit. Admission is free, at the Community Arts Bldg., Wayne State University, 9 a.m. — 10 p.m.
Jul 31, 2015 Read the whole text...
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC Says No to Viet War
EDITOR’S NOTE: The following article is the statement issued by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee concerning U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam. Julian Bond was refused his seat in the Georgia House of Representatives when he publically endorsed this statement.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee assumes its right to dissent with U.S. foreign policy on any issue, and states its opposition to U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam on these grounds:
Jan 26, 2023 Read the whole text...
John F. Royal
Snitch Gets a Reduced Term
Another Prison Sentence in Marie Mason Case
<em>
The Never Alone national tour hit 30 cities in April, speaking to hundreds about long-term anarchist prisoner support. It focused on the cases of Eric McDavid and Marie Mason, using multimedia presentations and included strategizing about how to effectively encourage a culture of resistance and support. Above, from the left, Jason, Jenny, Ian, and released political prisoner, Jeff “Free” Luers at a tour stop at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Ore., April 26. Photo from becausewemust.org. The tour raised nearly $7,000 after expenses which will be split between McDavid and Mason support groups. To offer support, donate, or get information about the cases, go to</em> supporteric.org and supportmariemason.org. Info on the tour at http://neveralonetour.wordpress.com.
Sep 7, 2013 Read the whole text...
Dena Clamage
Socialist Man
“To build communism, a new man must be created simultaneously with the material base.”
— Che Guevara, Man and Socialism in Cuba.
In the preceding articles, I have dealt with the quality of life in Cuba, the laying of the base of material production, international relations, and other facets of the Cuban revolution. But the most important aspect of the revolution is yet to be described: the creation of the “new man.” This act of creation is the heart of the Cuban revolution. Although there has been little formally written about it, except for Che’s small but important book, Man and Socialism in Cuba, the task of this creation is reflected in the daily lives and the daily consciousness of every participant in the revolution.
Nov 30, 2017 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Socialist Runs for Council
Paul Lodico is the Socialist Workers Party candidate for Common Council. But he is not that interested in getting votes. In fact, he is not running to win the election.
Instead, Lodico is interested in “posing programs for struggle.” That is, he wants to organize committees of research teams to study such areas as housing, welfare, medical care, unions and other factors of life in the city. These committees will involve those already interested in each area. In the study of welfare, for example, Lodico hopes to use the aid of welfare workers and ADC mothers.
Sep 23, 2021 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Socialist Scholars Meet In N.Y.
The second annual Socialist Scholars Conference will be held in New York at the Hotel Commodore, September 9–11, 1966. The noted historian and political analyst Isaac Deutscher and the social philosopher Herbert Marcuse will participate in a discussion “On Socialist Man” to lead off the Conference.
Apr 8, 2023 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Socialists Prepare Campaign
NEW YORK—The national Committee of the Socialist Workers party has announced here that it has nominated Fred Halstead and Paul Boutelle as the party’s candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States in the 1968 elections.
Halstead, a 40 year old cloth cutter from New York, said that the war in Vietnam would be a central issue of the campaign. His running mate, Boutelle, a 35 year old cab driver, said that black power would be a twin issue.
Mar 4, 2017 Read the whole text...
A. Esmie Wright
Social Media Virus
SMV (play)
CHARACTERS
SEVEN: A young woman, mid-20s. Architect of the virus.
GEORGIA: A young woman, mid-20s. Friend of Seven.
CLEANER: Works for Seven.
CLEANER: Works for Seven.
SETTING: A window-less room with a desk and chair. Located in Washington DC.
TIME: Present. Seven is in a window-less room, monitoring activity on her computer. Her friend, a woman by the name of Georgia enters the room distraught.
Jul 31, 2016 Read the whole text...
Mateo Pimentel
Social Technologies & Politics
Police Body Cams: How they hurt those who are supposed to be helped
As the importance of social technologies increases, many users fail to pay sufficient critical attention to the political incursions that such technologies invite.
Millions who cannot fathom life without social technologies are, in all likelihood, the same demographic that is most willing to excuse the political transgressions these technologies engender—particularly if the consequent harm affects people other than themselves.
Jun 12, 2017 Read the whole text...
Jim Stodder
Society Against the State
Book review
a review of
Society Against the State, by Pierre Clastres. Mole Editions, Urizen Press, N.Y., 1977, 186 pp. $12.95
A shockingly high price for such a slim volume, but this book from a publishing house “owned by its employees and sharing profits with its authors and translators” is the best general work on anthropology I’ve read. Clastres not only evaluates “primitive communism” from the inside, the viewpoint of the tribe itself, but also manages, almost despite himself, to avoid romanticizing everything for the poor civilized reader, so hungry for rumors of freedom.
Jul 3, 2018 Read the whole text...
Janis Ian
“Society’s Child”
Janis Ian
Janis Ian’s “Society’s Child” was banned in Detroit last year by all the major radio stations. WKNR’s Paul Kannon refused to air it because he felt it was too sensational for a radio audience. “Society’s Child” is currently the number one song in Detroit. Below Janis talks candidly about Janis Ian and her life as a 16 year old sensationalist.
Mar 1, 2017 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Soldiers Busted
On Saturday, January 4, Victory Fidelman and Ron Halstead, two members of the Resistance, along with two servicemen, Seaman Norman Gelnaw and Ray Greer, a member of U.S. Army Military Intelligence and a Vietnam veteran, distributed copies of The Bond to active duty servicemen at Detroit Metropolitan Airport.
May 2, 2021 Read the whole text...
Fifth Estate Collective
Solidarity & Mutual Aid
Issue intro
Solidarity and Mutual Aid, two anarchist bedrock principles, are being tested in the real world with the rise of the fascist right.
Although small in numbers, they have gained social and political space as the result of the election of Donald Trump.
We, like many others, pledge they will find no home, no safe haven from which to spread their toxic message of racism and authoritarianism. We will also defend ourselves and at-risk populations from the physical and political threat they pose.
Nov 10, 2017 Read the whole text...
Onto
Solidarity, Immigration and Border Regimes
“If it’s a war the anarchists want, then damn it, it will start here.”
-- Jim Gilchrist, founder of the Minutemen Project, quoted in the Sacramento Bee, 10/30/05, in reference to the anti-minutemen demo at the capitol building.
There’s a fire going on. It’s destroying your home, your land. You want to stay and fight it, but you’re suffocating, you need fresh air. You try to leave, but the doors are locked, bolted shut. There’s a long line of other people waiting to get out too. You start waiting, but realize you’ll never get there. Some people are breaking windows, jumping through; some make it, others die on the way out. There are men with guns waiting outside the windows, another obstacle. You make it out, past the gunmen, falling into another house, through another window. You are welcome here, as long as you don’t talk, just cook and clean. Some people want you to leave, to jump back into the fire. Others want to help you, but they don’t know how. They try talking to the landlords. They try fighting the people who want to kick you out. They try building another house within the house. You appreciate the help, but you’re not sure who to trust, not sure what you want. Do you want to stay here, or go back home? The ground is familiar, but the house is different. The fires here are different, much slower then at home. But they are starting up again. In this house? Even here, you start smelling gasoline again. This time you see it coming, joining with others like you to call “FIRE” before it hits. Some people notice. The gasoline covers too much and splashes on some others; they’re angry as well. People are saying that you started the fire, that we need more doors and locks, fewer windows, in order to stop more firebrands like you from entering. You know this is a lie. Now you’re caught between fires, between doors, desiring the one thing that no-one is willing to do: to stop these fucking fires. But you can’t seem to find who started them. Everyone has a different answer.
Mar 4, 2015 Read the whole text...